Medical Practitioners

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Vast majority of conditions, diseases, and injuries were handled by women. Only when a patient worsened might a specialist be called, though this might have also been a woman healer. Women practitioners outnumbered medical school educated physicians and guild-licensed surgeons 1000:1.

Women were barred from formal medical education or Guild membership, and unable to shared their experience, knowledge, and skills publicly in urban setting. One notable exception was midwives, who handled births and only called in specialist if something went wrong the Midwife couldn't handle.

Wives of manorial lords, noblewomen, and wives of Protestant clerics took it upon themselves to know first aid, complicated procedure, herb lore, some dentistry, and rudiments of surgery.

Wives or daughters of Surgeons who died would often carry on the family business. While not licensed but were allowed to practice (this stopped mostly in the 1500s).